Bali history , some paradise in Indonesia

Bali history , some paradise in Indonesia

History

Main article: History of Bali

Ancient

Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia.[8][9] Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania.[9] Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.[10][11]

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.[12]

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Walidwipa". It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation. Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period.

The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests, and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.

a.

At religious festivals on Bali the sculptures are dressed and umbrellas are placed by the temples.

Portuguese contacts

The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century usually traveled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.[13] In 1585, a ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung.[14]

Dutch East India

In 1597 the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali and, the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century (see Dutch East Indies). Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.[15] In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

In June 1860 the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, travelled to Bali from Singapore, landing at Bileling on the northcoast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace Line theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and Lombok. It has been found to be a boundary between species of Asiatic origin in the east and a mixture of Australian and Asian species to the west. In his travel memoir The Malay Archipelago, Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali:

    I was both astonished and delighted; for as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of coconut palms, tamarind and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice-grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best cultivated parts of Europe.[16]

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who fought against the superior Dutch force in a suicidal puputan defensive assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender.[15] Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders.[17] In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterward the Dutch governors exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.

In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature." Western tourists began to visit the island.[18]

b.

Balinese dancers show for tourists, in Ubud.

Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer [Senur]. The island was quickly captured.[19]

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of war requisitions made Japanese rule more resented than Dutch rule.[20] Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch returned to Indonesia, including Bali, to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels, who now used recovered Japanese weapons. On 20 November 1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by then 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a suicide attack on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance.

Independence from the Dutch

In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.

Contemporary

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs.[15] An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto.

The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.[15][18][21] With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.[21]

As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency. His "New Order" government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.[15] A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship to the island.

Indonesian paradise of land from the sky

INDONESIAN PARADISE OF LAND FROM THE SKY

This time I will share an article about a large country, the country of my birth grandparents INDONESIA. Indonesian paradise of land from the sky
you must have heard of this country, a country which is very famous Indonesia alan charm and diverse culture.
Indonesian archipelago country, with their respective local languages ​​but they have one language, namely INDONESIAN pemersata, initiated by local youngsters with their vows commonly called "OATH OF YOUTH"
Let us get to know and understand about Indonesia through this article:
1. Early history
Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, which by anthropologists also dubbed "Java Man", led to speculation that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. [14] Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived around 2000 BC, and caused Melanesians who have been there earlier there pushed to the remote areas in eastern islands. [15] Conditions ideal place for agriculture, and control over how to cultivate rice at least a century -8 BC, [16] led to many villages, towns, and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD. Moreover, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade lanes and between islands, has become a shipping line between India and China for centuries. [17] History of Indonesia subsequently experienced a lot of influence from such trading activities. [18]

a. Since the 1st century Indonesian trading ship has sailed away, even to Africa. A part of the ship relief at Borobudur temple, k. 800 M.
Under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java since the 4th century until the 14th century. Kutai, is the oldest kingdom in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the upper reaches of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan. In the western region of the island of Java, in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanegara kingdom. Tarumanagara government followed by the Kingdom of Sunda from the year 669 AD to 1579 AD In the 7th century Malay kingdoms appear centered in Jambi, Sumatra. Sriwijaya beat Malay and emerged as the most powerful maritime kingdom in the archipelago. He ruled over Sumatra, Java, the Malay peninsula, while controlling the trade in the Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait and the South China Sea. [19] Under the influence of Srivijaya, between the 8th century and the 10th dynasty and Sanjaya dynasty succeeded in developing the kingdom agriculture-based kingdom in Java, with its historic relics such as Borobudur and Prambanan temples. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit stood in the eastern part of the island of Java. Under the leadership of mahapatih Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia is now; and is often called the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history. [20]
The arrival of Arab traders and the Persian through Gujarat, India, and then brought Islam. Besides Chinese sailors led by Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) Muslim, also never stop in this region in the early 15th century. [21] The merchants also spread Islam in some parts of the archipelago. Samudera Pasai which was founded in 1267, is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.

2. Colonialism

 b.

Indonesia map ranged in 1674-1745 by a geographer Çelebi Katip Ottoman origin.
Indonesia is also a country that was colonized by many European countries as well as Asia, is due to Indonesia since ancient times is a country rich in abundant natural results, to make European countries are tempted to colonize and control of its natural resources intended to income for the country, Countries that once colonized them is;
• Portuguese in 1509, only Maluku, then were driven in in 1595
• Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but were repulsed in 1692.
• Netherlands in 1602, the entire territory of Indonesia.
• France is indirectly controlled Java in the period 1806-1811 for the Kingdom of the Netherlands subject to the power of the French. When Louis Bonaparte the sister of Napoleon Bonaparte to the throne the Netherlands in 1806, it will automatically fall into the hands of the Dutch colony of France. This period lasts at the Governor General Herman Willem Daendels in 1808-1811. Ended in 1811 when England beat the power of the Dutch-French island of Java.
• Britain in 1811, since the signing of the capitulation Tungtang one of which contains the delivery of Java from the Netherlands to England, In 1814 it was performed in the London Convention which the Dutch government in power back on British colonies in Indonesia. Then new in 1816, the British government in Indonesia is officially over ..
• Japan in 1942, only 3.5 years, and ended in 1945, since the defeat of Japan to the allies.
When the Europeans came in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms that they can easily be mastered in order to dominate the spice trade. Portuguese first landed at the two ports, namely the Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and move eastward and control of Maluku. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the strongest among the other European countries, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony of Portuguese Timor). At the time that the Christian religion entered Indonesia as one of the old imperialism mission, known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. [22] The Dutch ruled Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century.

 c.

 Johannes van den Bosch, the originator Cultuurstelsel.
Under Cultuurstelsel system (System Investment) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java, ultimately resulted in benefits for the Netherlands which can not be produced VOCs. At the time of colonial rule freer after 1870, the system is removed. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, [23] which included a limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.
During World War II, when the Dutch colonized by Germany, Japan seized Indonesia. After getting Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesian fighters trading partners are cooperative and willing to deploy troops when needed. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.

3. Indonesian independence

d. 

Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence. After the Pacific war ended in 1945, under pressure from youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 which at that time was the month of Ramadan. After independence, the three founding fathers Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir each served as president, vice president and prime minister. In an effort to regain control of Indonesia, the Netherlands sent their troops.
 

e.

The proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945.
Attempts to quell bloody independence movement came to be known by the Dutch as a 'police action' (Politionele Actie), otherwise known by the Indonesian people as military aggression. [24] The Netherlands finally accepted the right of Indonesia's independence on December 27, 1949 as a federal state the so-called Republic of Indonesia States after receiving strong pressure from the international community, especially the United States. Mosi Integral Natsir on August 17, 1950, calling for the return of the unitary Republic of Indonesia and the United States of Indonesia disband. Soekarno again became president with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and prime minister Mohammad Natsir.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sukarno government began to follow once pioneering the non-aligned movement at first, then became closer with the socialist bloc, for example, the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. The 1960s witnessed the military confrontation against neighboring Malaysia ("Confrontation"), [25] and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties. Subsequently in 1965 erupted G30S incident that caused the death of six generals and a number of other middle-ranking officers. A new power emerged that calls itself the New Order who immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brains behind this incident and intend to overthrow the legitimate government, and replace the national ideology be based on socialist-communist. This charge as well as a reason to replace the old rule under President Sukarno.

f.

Hatta, Sukarno, and Sjahrir, the three founders of Indonesia.
General Suharto became president in 1967 on the pretext of securing the country from the threat of communism. While the physical condition weakened Sukarno himself. After Suharto's rule, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected of involvement communist party were killed, while there are many more Indonesian citizens who were abroad, do not dare to return to their homeland, and finally revoked his citizenship. Thirty-two years of Soeharto's New Order called, while the reign of Sukarno called Old Order.
Suharto implementing neoliberal economic and managed to bring in huge foreign investment to enter Indonesia and generate substantial economic growth, although uneven. At the beginning of the New Order regime Indonesia both economic policy drawn up by a group of economists graduated from the Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, who was called "Berkeley Mafia". [26] However, Suharto and his family enriched by corruption, collusion, and nepotism is widespread and he finally forced to step down after massive demonstrations and the worsening economic conditions the country in 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia has three presidents: Bacharuddin Joseph (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2004, the biggest one-day election in the world [27] was held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia is experiencing economic problems, political and religious nuances conflict in the country, and some areas are trying to gain independence, particularly Papua. East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years together with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration, East Timor became the country.
At the December 2004 and March 2005, Aceh and Nias was hit by two major earthquakes in total killed hundreds of thousands of lives. (See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the Sumatra earthquake of March 2005.) This incident was followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and its surroundings, as well as mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 are not being solved.

First few this Article "Indonesian paradise of land from the sky"

Now that's a little flashback articles that may not yet know about INDONESIA , I personally miss the negari INDONESIA , when when I want to go back to my grandmother and grandfather just reminiscing Small time I am there .

Thank you have read this article .

See also article : About Indonesia